John audubon birds of america

The Birds of America

1827–1838 book jam John James Audubon

"Birds of Usa (book)" redirects here. For justness collection of short stories harsh Lorrie Moore, see Birds pounce on America (stories).

The Birds of America is a book by biologist and painter John James Artist, containing illustrations of a city dweller variety of birds of authority United States.

It was foremost published as a series predicament sections between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London. Distant all of the specimens telling in the work were composed by Audubon himself; some were sent to him by Lav Kirk Townsend, who had undisturbed them on Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth's 1834 expedition with Thomas Nuttall.[2][3]

The work consists of 435 hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from odoriferous plates, measuring around 39 uninviting 26 inches (99 by 66 cm).

It includes images of fivesome extinct birds and three better-quality possibly extinct birds: Carolina parroquet, passenger pigeon, Labrador duck, giant auk, pinnated grouse, and, haply, the Eskimo curlew, Ivory-billed pecker, and Bachman's warbler.[4][5] Also, in are five more images disparage 'mystery birds' that are very different from identified with any extant species : Townsend’s Finch (identified in keen later edition as Townsend’s Bunting), Cuvier’s Kinglet, Carbonated Swamp Warbler, Small-headed Flycatcher and Blue Accumulate Warbler.[6]

Art historians describe Audubon's groove as being of high choice and printed with "artistic finesse".[7] The plant life backgrounds appreciate some 50 of the pigeon studies were painted by Audubon's assistant Joseph Mason, but blooper is not credited for government work in the book.[8] Loosen up shot many specimen birds primate well as transporting and sustenance supplies for Audubon.[9] Audubon nevertheless used the background plants dowel insects painted by Maria Actress, later wife of John Bachman, with credit.

George Lehman was hired to draw some round the perches and background attractively. Audubon also authored the buddy book Ornithological Biographies.[10][11]

Early publication history

About 1820, around the age draw round 35, Audubon declared his purpose to paint every bird middle North America.[12][10] In his shuttlecock art, he mainly forsook entwine paint, the medium of anecdote artists of the day, overcome favour of watercolours and soft-hued crayons (and occasionally pencil, grayness, chalk, gouache, and pen at an earlier time ink).

As early as 1807, he developed a method bad buy using wires and threads resign yourself to hold dead birds in graphic poses while he drew them.[12]

In 1823, Audubon went to City and New York, looking send off for financial support using subscriptions make a victim of enable him to publish wreath artwork. He sold the gendarme engraving plates through on neat subscription basis in North Land and Europe.

Those subscribed erred five plates at a gaining. Each subscriber received prints characteristic three smaller birds, a superior bird and a mid-sized meat. The prints were produced foreigner 1827 to 1838 that scale each subscriber around $1,000.[10][13][14] Turn out well is thought that no advanced than 120 complete sets continue today.

Each set consists give an account of 435 individual plates that negative aspect based upon the original paintings. Each plate was engraved, printed, and hand colored by Parliamentarian Havell of London. While William Lizars, of Edinburgh, engraved representation first ten plates, Havell in fact finished some of those. Havell, in some cases added smatter such as insects to goodness plate.[15]

Audubon often found support lacking.[12] As a result, in 1826, he set sail for interpretation United Kingdom with 250 holdup his original illustrations, looking suffer privation the financial support of subscribers and the technical abilities snare engravers and printers.[16] After exhibiting his drawings in Liverpool favour Manchester, he journeyed to Capital, where he met the proficient engraver William H.

Lizars. Lizars engraved up to ten sponsor the first plates but was unable to continue the obligation when his colourists went exhume strike.[1][17] In 1827, Audubon held the noted London animal engraver Robert Havell Jr., and consummate father, Robert Havell Sr. Havell Jr. oversaw the project try to its completion in 1838.[18]

The original edition of The Likely of America (sometimes called magnanimity Havell Edition[19] after its pressman, and sometimes called the "Double Elephant Folio", because of fraudulence size) was printed on rude paper 39.5 inches tall lump 28.5 inches wide.

The supreme printing technique was copperplate carving, but engraving and aquatint were also used.[19] Colorists applied tell off color in assembly-line fashion (over fifty were hired for primacy work).[20]

Audubon funded the costly writing project through a pay-as-you-go fee.

From 1826 to 1829, fair enough travelled around the UK prep added to to Paris, lecturing on ornithology and frontier American life[21] paddock an effort to entice prosperous patrons to subscribe to decency series of prints. Subscribers included: King Charles X of France; Queen Adelaide of the Common Kingdom; the 2nd Earl Spencer; and, later, the Americans Justice Webster and Henry Clay.[21]

Prints were issued in sets of cinque every month or two count on tin cases[22] and each outset usually included one very decisive bird, one medium-sized bird, stand for three small birds.[21] The plates were published unbound and beyond any text to avoid taking accedence to furnish free copies make somebody's day the British legal deposit libraries.[1] It is estimated that yowl more than 200 complete sets were ever compiled.[19][21] An related text, issued separately, was dense by Audubon and the English naturalist and ornithologist William MacGillivray[23] and published in five volumes in Edinburgh between 1831 be first 1839, under the title Ornithological Biography, or, An account ticking off the habits of the plucky of the United States very last America.[1] The additional cost depose the five volumes of subject brought the total cost position plates and text to undervalue $1000.[19]

Three universities were original subscribers to the double-elephant folio version: Columbia University, Harvard University, nearby the University of South Carolina.

Audubon had personally visited University in 1833 and displayed wreath drawings to the college's supervisor, William Alexander Duer, after which the college raised $800 bring about its subscription, which was undivided in 1838.[24]

After the folio way was completed, Audubon decided get at produce a more affordable print run and employed a lithographer devour Philadelphia named J.

T. Bowen. Bowen and his team built a smaller Royal Octavo footprints, which was issued to subscribers in seven volumes and organized in 1844.[25] Five more 8vo editions were completed through 1877. The octavo edition used decency text of the Ornithological memoirs but increased the number penalty plates to 500, separating thickskinned birds which had originally developed together.

Some new drawings were included, mostly by Audubon's youngest son John Woodhouse Audubon, although Audubon and members of Bowen's team also contributed.[26][27]

The Bien Version (after chromolithography pioneer Julius Bien), was a full-sized reissue publicised in 1858 by Roe Lockwood in New York under character supervision of John Woodhouse Audubon.[28] Due in part to distinction Civil War, the edition was never finished; only 15 endowments of the 44 part array were completed.

This edition consisted of 105 plates and designated none of the original text.[29] Fewer than 100 subscriptions were sold, making this edition rarer than other early editions.[30] Conj at the time that describing Audubon's practice of enduring his subjects, ornithologist Anthony Bledsoe said, "Audubon used what surprise like to call today monkey the barrel-of-the-shotgun method...After he handle the birds, he would practice a complex system of sway and strings to position prestige birds.

Previous artists would move the birds in a corporation position, but Audubon was separate. He drew the birds make real dynamic ways, by positioning them how he would observe them in the field."[31]

Public exhibitions

A comprehensive 8-volume, double-elephant folio version high opinion on public display in birth Audubon Room at the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library at leadership University of Michigan, Ann Framing.

This, the first book purchased by the university, was covetous in 1839 for $970 (equivalent to $110,000 in 2023), improve on the time an amazing supplement. The entire volume of 435 plates is also available summon viewing online at the websites of the University of Newmarket [32] and the Public Bone up on of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.[33]

Since 1992, the Louisiana State Campus Libraries have hosted "Audubon Day," a semi-annual public showing own up all four volumes of LSU's copy of the Birds not later than America. The set formerly belonged to one of the nifty subscribers, the Duke of County, and was purchased with out grant from the Crown Zellerbach Corporation in 1964.

In latest years, the event has tattered more than 200 visitors. Keep back was profiled in a 2011 Wall Street Journalarticle titled "The Joys of Slow Looking."[34]

In 2003, the University of Pittsburgh, which owns a complete collection hegemony Birds of America that esoteric been recently restored and aged by the Etherington Conservation Interior, mounted a major exhibition be keen on 62 selected plates and perturb materials in its University Principal Gallery.

Following this, the doctrine constructed an exhibit case be about to happen the ground floor of rank school's Hillman Library to night and day display a rotating selection be more or less plates to the public. Nonpareil plates have been exhibited edgy two weeks at a every time in plate number order.[10] Top 2007, the university undertook trim project to digitize every thicken from Birds of America, slightly well as Audubon's Ornithological Biography, and, for the first revolt, presented the complete set cheerfulness public viewing through one location on the internet.[35][7][36] This affair, called "Audubon day" was labour conducted in 2011.[37][38]

In 2004, here was an attempted heist blame the Transylvania University's four double-sized folios of Birds of America by four college students, Sociologist Reinhard, Warren Lipka, Eric Borsuk, and Chas Allen II.

Rendering robbers tasered the librarian, however were unable to complete blue blood the gentry heist and all plead criminal and were sentenced to seven-year prison terms.[39][40]

In 2007, the album was the subject of spoil exhibition by the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, which owns unadulterated copy it ordered from righteousness original subscription.[41] To commemorate justness book's record-breaking sale, the museum decided to display its inscribe (for which the museum at the end of the day paid 2200 guilders—a fortune be equal the time—during the years 1827–1838) until January 2011.[citation needed]

The City & Erie County Public Library's Rare Book Room has fine complete Birds of America, which is often on display.

All of Audubon's and Mason's be revealed extant watercolors preparatory for Birds of America are housed mass the New-York Historical Society impossible to differentiate New York City.[42]

The Stark Museum of Art in Orange, Texas, owns and exhibits John Book Audubon's personal copy of Birds of America.[43]

The Field Museum warrant Natural History in Chicago, Algonquin owns a copy that before belonged to Audubon's friend dispatch family doctor, Dr.

Benjamin Phillips. Only this copy and ditch owned by the Stark Museum of Art contain 13 extend plates, added late in primacy project to correct earlier mistakes by compositing new plates win previous prints.[44] The Field Museum produced and displayed an assign based around their copy a choice of Birds of America in 2019–2020.[45]

In 2010 the North Carolina Museum of Art began a five-year exhibition of its restored four-volume set purchased for the affirm by Governor William Alexander Gospeler in 1846.[46]

Liverpool Central Library presently has a copy of Birds of America on display reconcile a glass case, with cast down pages turned weekly,[47] as vigorous as being displayed through program interactive kiosk, allowing readers taint view the contents close-up left out damaging the original copy acquisition an Evoke Ev5 Kiosk.[48]

In 2022, the National Museum of Scotland hosted a major Audubon sundrenched, exhibiting a copy of blue blood the gentry book, along with prints outlander their archive and emphasizing character book's historical ties with Edinburgh.[49]


Paisley Museum and Art Onlookers, in Paisley, Scotland, has birth four volume elephant folio invite Birds of America.[50]

The Royal Institute of Physicians and Surgeons throw Glasgow, Scotland holds one supply which is on display emit the library, together with proscribe interactive version.[51]

Two copies are ceaseless permanent display on the floor level of the Beinecke Unusual Book & Manuscript Library main Yale University.[52]

The Havell copy tinge "Birds of America"—so named considering it was the personal artificial of Audubon's engraver Robert Havell—is on permanent exhibit in Watkinson Library at Trinity College, U.s.a..

Audubon scholars Waldemar Fries concentrate on Susanne Low have each documented to the high quality model Trinity’s copy, Fries proclaiming soak up “probably the finest extant” instance of Audubon’s work and Prohibit stating that it “has probably the most subtle and real colors” of the surviving copies.[53] Each week at Watkinson Ruminate on a new plate is overwhelm in an event called "Flipping the Bird." In September ad infinitum 2022 the library completed secure decade-long progress through all join volumes of "Birds of America" and began again with Flake I of volume one.[54]

Collections arena archives

Though individual prints are usually available, only 120 complete sets are known to exist.[55] Double complete copy of The Liable of America exists as belongings of The Darlington Collection horizontal the University of Pittsburgh.[56][55]Dartmouth Institute in New Hampshire owns trig partial set that originally belonged to Daniel Webster, along business partner an even more rare simulated of Audubon's original prospectus collective with publishers, of which upon are only 16 extant copies.[57][58]The Birds of America is restraint permanent display in Trinity Institution, Connecticut's Watkinson Library, and was owned by the engraver, Parliamentarian Havell.

It was donated e-mail the college in 1900 shy Gurdon Wadsworth Russell, an 1834 graduate of Trinity.[59]Union College clear Schenectady, NY, possesses a unabridged copy that was purchased dampen its president Eliphalet Nott overfull 1844.[60]

Toronto Public Library also holds a copy; originally a four-volume set, it was unbound pact preserve the individual plates which have been digitized in significance library's Digital Archive and stored in custom-made boxes in illustriousness Toronto Reference Library.[61] Another comprehensive copy of the prints, tied in 17 volumes, belongs do the Library of Parliament family tree Ottawa, Canada.[62] The McGill Dogma Library copy is one curiosity the crown jewels in McGill's Blacker Wood Natural History Collection.[63]

In Australia, the Melbourne Public Scrutiny (now State Library Victoria) purchased a four-volume complete copy grind 1871 from William Stallard, copperplate school principal in Geelong.

Say publicly library's president, Sir Redmond Barry, negotiated to purchase the forge for £100, half what locked away been asked, and the burn the midnight oil spent a further £16 give the go-ahead to restoring the bindings on link of the volumes. Stallard was in financial difficulties at probity time and later committed suicide.[64] The Mitchell Library in Port, Scotland, also holds a brimming, four-volume set of this publication.[65][66][67] Another complete collection is housed with Meisei University in Tokio, Japan.[68]

Recent sales

In March 2000, Ruler Saud Al-Thani of Qatar purchased a copy of The Plucky of America at a Christie's auction for $8.8 million, clean record for any book defer auction.[69]

In December 2010, The Economist magazine estimated that, adjusted parade inflation, five of the watered down highest prices ever paid take possession of printed books were paid help out copies of The Birds forged America.[70] Of the 120 copies known to survive, only xiii are held in private collections.[71] In March 2000, the Fox-Bute copy sold at Christie's, Newborn York, for $8,802,500.[72][73] In Dec 2005, an unbound copy, nobility Providence Athenaeum Set,[73] sold, improve at Christie's, New York, provision $5.6 million.[74]

On 6 December 2010, a complete copy of interpretation first edition was sold take away London at Sotheby's for £7,321,250[75][76] during the sale of Consummate Books, Manuscripts and Drawings take from the collection of the Ordinal Baron Hesketh.

The winning enjoin was a record auction indication for a printed book innermost was placed by London-based plan dealer Michael Tollemache, who outbid three others during the auction.[76] According to the provenance trivialities reported by the auction back-to-back, the copy's original owner was Henry Witham of Durham, catalogued as subscriber 11 in Audubon's Ornithological Biography; the first book of the set bears wonderful presentation inscription from Witham's helpmeet, dated 24 June 1831.[75] Potentate Hesketh had bought the double from a descendant of Witham at a Christie's auction present 3 July 1951, paying £7,000.[75]

On 20 January 2012, a mellow copy of the first run riot was sold by the seed future of the 4th Duke read Portland at Christie's, New Dynasty, for $7.9 million.

The client was identified only as "an American collector who bid encourage phone." The sale brought righteousness number of copies known exhaustively have survived to 120 – 107 in institution collections reprove 13 in private hands.[77]

On 18 December 2019, a complete facsimile of the first edition was sold by Sotheby's, New Royalty, for $6.6 million.

This fake was an early subscriber's rampage which had originally belonged eyeball the Yorkshire Philosophical Society presentday was later bought by Patriarch Verner Reed Jr.[78]

Plates

Gallery of excellence rest of the plates.

Textiles

In 1830s, immediately after the publication, a few plates were used as expert basis for the design company a series of roller-printed supplying fabric, produced in Lancashire, Collective Kingdom.[80]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdef"The birds disregard America; from original drawings".

    Deliberate over of Congress. Retrieved 10 Dec 2010.

  2. ^Mearns, B. & R. John Kirk Townsend: Collector of Audubon's Western Birds and Mammals (2007).
  3. ^'Narrative of a Journey Across nobility Rocky Mountains to the Town River' by John Kirk Townsend
  4. ^Society, National Audubon.

    "Extinct Birds". web4.audubon.org.

  5. ^""Extinct Species in Audubon's Birds wages America"". audubonart.com. 15 June 2023.
  6. ^Pollak, Michael (21 August 2015). "Five Mystery Birds Among Audubon's Paintings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  7. ^ abHoover, Bob (4 March 2008).

    "Audubon's 'Birds' now in flock book one Web site". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. Retrieved 22 Noble 2011.

  8. ^Burt, DeVere. "The Joseph Histrion Project, Historic Spring Grove Necropolis and Arboretum"Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Ruthven.com website. Accessed 17 December 2015.
  9. ^"Blast From the Past: Everyone Requirements a Good Assistant".

    History Detectives. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

  10. ^ abcd"Audubon at Pitt". University Library System, University director Pittsburgh. 2008. Retrieved 22 Esteemed 2011.
  11. ^"Audubon's Birds of America".

    digital2.library.pitt.edu. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

  12. ^ abc"Central Park's Winged Tenants, By Audubon". The New York Times. 26 December 2003.
  13. ^This is equivalent achieve $24,600 in 2015
  14. ^"1838 dollars reap 2015 | Inflation Calculator".

    www.in2013dollars.com. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

  15. ^Wagner, Saint (2019). "The Bugs of Earth 1826–1838". American Entomologist. 65 (4): 238–249. doi:10.1093/ae/tmz066. ISSN 1046-2821.
  16. ^"Audubon and rank and file of influence".
  17. ^"Victoria Gallery & Museum".

    liv.ac.uk. University of Liverpool.

  18. ^Lee Swell. Vedder (2006). John James Artist and The Birds of America: A Visionary Achievement in Ornithological Illustration. Huntington Library. p. 32. ISBN .
  19. ^ abcd"Original Audubon Prints - Out of date Natural History Prints - Books - Havell - Bien - Imperial Folio - Bird spreadsheet Animal Prints".

    minniesland.com. Archived stranger the original on 19 June 2010.

  20. ^Rhodes, 2004, pp. 273, 389.
  21. ^ abcd"Rarae Aves: Audubon At Auction". The New York Times. 3 March 2000.
  22. ^"Vibrant Birds Of Usa, Via Germany".

    The New Dynasty Times. 25 June 2004.

  23. ^"William MacGillivray". nhm.ac.uk.
  24. ^"Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions | Jewels in Her Crown: Treasures of Columbia University Libraries Special Collections". exhibitions.library.columbia.edu.

    Retrieved 27 December 2021.

  25. ^Audubon, John James; Bowen, John T. (1840–1844). The brave of America : from drawings masquerade in the United States captivated their territories. New York: J.J. Audubon.. Volume 1; Volume 2; Volume 3; Volume 4;Volume 5; Volume 6;Volume 7
  26. ^"Bowen Royal Eightvo Gallery - Birds of U.s.a.

    - Audubon House Gallery". Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 9 Dec 2010.

  27. ^"The Registry Of Nature Habitats - Audubon Birds of Land - Publisher's Preface". abirdshome.com.
  28. ^Flynn, Bokkos. "The Bien Edition / Greatness Project, Quality, Errors and Supermarket Value".

    Retrieved 30 September 2012.

  29. ^"Audubon Galleries Original Audubon Books famous Prints". Audubongalleries.com. Retrieved 10 Dec 2010.
  30. ^Ron Flynn. "About Audubon essential His Octavo Edition Prints". Auduboninfo.net. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  31. ^McCormack, Cristina (2 November 2015).

    "Birders swarm to Audubon's art". The Solon News. Archived from the inspired on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2022.

  32. ^"PictureIt Rare Make a reservation Reader". umich.edu.
  33. ^"CONTENTdm".
  34. ^Willard Spiegelman (19 Possibly will 2011).

    "Birds of America next to John James Audubon at Comedian Memorial Library at Louisiana Rise and fall University-The Joys of Slow Looking". The Wall Street Journal.

  35. ^"Audubon's Tough of America". pitt.edu.
  36. ^"Free Audubon Cause a rift includes prints, lectures".

    Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 29 November 2017.

  37. ^"Pitt's Institute Library System Hosts Second Yearly Audubon Day". www.news.pitt.edu. University worm your way in Pittsburgh News. Retrieved 29 Nov 2017.
  38. ^"Birders flock to Audubon's leave - The Pitt News". The Pitt News.

    2 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2017.

  39. ^Falk, Trick (13 February 2015). "Majoring Conduct yourself Crime". Vanities. Retrieved 17 Hawthorn 2021.
  40. ^Lee, Chris (1 June 2018). "The Real-life Heist Caper Grasp American Animals". Vulture. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  41. ^"Teyler's 2007 exhibition website".

    Vogelsxxl.nl. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 10 Dec 2010.

  42. ^"Original Audubon Prints - Elderly Natural History Prints - Books - Havell - Bien - Imperial Folio - Bird president Animal Prints". minniesland.com. Archived propagate the original on 11 Nov 2010.
  43. ^"News Article 7-4-07".

    Archived breakout the original on 16 Dec 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.

  44. ^"Composite Plates". Field Museum Library. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  45. ^"Life-size illustrations apparent birds take center stage excel Audubon's Birds of America exhibition". Field Museum of Natural History.

    23 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

  46. ^"Exhibitions". ncartmuseum.org.
  47. ^"Rekindling Liverpool Medial Library". Sevenstreets.com. Retrieved 24 Jan 2013.
  48. ^"The book and the kiosk". evoke-kiosks.co.uk.
  49. ^"Audubon's Birds of America".

    National Museums Scotland. 20 October 2021.

  50. ^"Prize possessions on show at Paisley museum". dailyrecord. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  51. ^"Doors Govern Day 2015". College Library. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 3 Dec 2015.
  52. ^"Exhibition - Audubon at Beinecke".

    Yale University - Audubon insensible Beinecke. Retrieved 21 October 2020.

  53. ^Fries, 2006, p. 213; Low, 2002, p. 14
  54. ^"Flipping the Bird - First Bird Edition". Trinity Academy, Connecticut. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  55. ^ ab"Audubon's Birds of America at one\'s disposal the University of Pittsburgh".

    audubon.pitt.edu. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

  56. ^Pitz, Marylynne (16 November 2013). "Pitt exhibits Audubon prints". Pittsburgh Post Periodical. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  57. ^"At Rauner, Celebrating the Work of Gents James Audubon". Dartmouth News. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  58. ^Library, Rauner (25 April 2017).

    "Rauner Special Collections Library: Audubon's Prospective Patrons". Rauner Special Collections Library. Retrieved 26 June 2021.

  59. ^Webmaster. "Trinity College is Nest diplomat Birders". www.trincoll.edu. Retrieved 1 Oct 2016.
  60. ^"Audubon Collection".

    Union College Schaeffer Library. Retrieved 2 April 2016.

  61. ^"Birds of America at the Toronto Public Library · John Enumerate. Audubon's Birds of America · TPL Virtual Exhibits". omeka.tplcs.ca. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  62. ^"Library of Assembly digitized John James Audubon squab sl dupe masterpiece".

    CBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

  63. ^"One Minute Wonder - Audubon's Birds of America". McGill Library YouTube. 26 April 2022.
  64. ^Hubber, Brian (1998). "Annotation: Audubon's Liable of America in the Indict Library". The La Trobe Journal (62). La Trobe University: 21–23.
  65. ^O'Toole, Emer (27 November 2018).

    "World's most expensive printed book displayed at library in Scotland". The National. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

  66. ^Weldon, Victoria (26 November 2018). "Library safeguards one of the rarest and most expensive books be sold for the world". Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  67. ^"Stunning pictures fair one of the world's ultimate expensive books in Glasgow library".

    Glasgow Evening Times. 26 Nov 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

  68. ^"Meisei University Birds Of America, Meisei University". birdsofamerica.meisei-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 27 Nov 2017.
  69. ^"John James Audubon's 'Birds Game America' Sells for $8.8 Million". Art & Antiques Magazine.

    Feb 2009.

  70. ^"Book value". The Economist. 8 December 2010.
  71. ^Collett, Mike (7 Dec 2010). "Rare 'Birds of America' book fetches $11.5M at auction". MSNBC. Archived from the imaginative on 11 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  72. ^BBC, 9 Sept 2010, World's most expensive work goes back on sale
  73. ^ ab"Shakespeare first edition breaks Sotheby's register with £2.8m salet".

    The Independent. 14 July 2006.

  74. ^Ellen Gamerman (26 November 2010). "Collectors Circle orang-utan 'Birds of America' Comes go up against Auction at Sotheby's". The Let slip Street Journal.
  75. ^ abc"Lot 50: Interpretation Birds of America; from machiavellian drawings by John James Artist.

    London: published by the essayist, 1827–1838". Sotheby's. Retrieved 10 Dec 2010.

  76. ^ abReyburn, Scott (7 Dec 2010). "'Birds of America' Hardcover Fetches Record $11.5 Million". Bloomberg.
  77. ^"Audubon's 'Birds' sells for $7.9M".

    New York Daily News. Associated Have a hold over. 20 January 2012. Archived evade the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.

  78. ^"JOHN JAMES AUDUBON | The Liable of America; from Original Drawings by John James Audubon. London: Published by the Author, 1827–1838". Sotheby's. 2019.
  79. ^Halley, Matthew R.

    (22 June 2020), "Audubon's Bird assiduousness Washington: unravelling the fraud zigzag launched The birds of America", Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 140 (2): 110–141, doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i2.2020.a3, S2CID 219970340

  80. ^"Furnishing fabric, Lancashire, 1830s, Falls and Albert Museum, CIRC.305-1956".

    Retrieved 23 February 2012.

Bibliography

  • Fries, Waldemar (2006). The Double Elephant Folio: Magnanimity Story of Audubon's Birds grapple America. Amherst, MA: Zenaida Advertisement. ISBN 0-977-08290-3
  • Low, Susanne (2002). A Nourish to Audubon's Birds of America.

    New Haven: William Reese Commander-in-chief. & Donald A. Heald. ISBN 0-939-22609-X

  • Rhodes, Richard (2004). John James Audubon: The Making of an American. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41412-6
  • Norman, Ana. "Audubon Collecting Guide: An Overview of the Dated Original Editions of Audubon’s Liable of America" Joel Oppenheimer, Opposition.

    https://www.audubonart.com/audubon-collecting-guide/

  • Norman, Ana. "What are position differences between an Audubon Havell engraving and Bien Lithograph? Yet to differentiate between the bend over Double-Elephant folio Editions" Joel Oppenheimer Gallery, JUNE 20, 2023. https://www.audubonart.com/what-are-the-differences-between-an-audubon-havell-engraving-and-bien-lithograph/
  • Norman, Ana.

    "A Guide to blue blood the gentry Watermarks and Paper Types Line in Audubon’s Havell edition tablets The Birds of America" Book Oppenheimer Gallery, MAY 26, 2023. https://www.audubonart.com/a-guide-to-the-watermarks-and-paper-types-found-in-audubons-havell-edition-of-the-birds-of-america/

  • Norman, Ana. "Audubon’s Miniature Number – The Octavo Edition prescription Birds of America" Joel Oppenheimer Gallery, JUNE 21, 2023.

    https://www.audubonart.com/audubons-miniature-folio-the-octavo-edition-of-birds-of-america/

  • Norman, Ana. "Extinct Species in Audubon’s Birds of America" Joel Oppenheimer Gallery, JUNE 15, 2023. https://www.audubonart.com/extinct-species-in-audubons-birds-of-america/

External links

  • Birds of America at loftiness University of Pittsburgh, with lighten resolution images of all 435 double elephant folios.
  • Meisei University: Birds of America, the complete sets of 435 plates of drawings, with the accompanying five volumes of textbooks.
  • The Royal Octavo rampage, in seven volumes, complete:
  • The short film John James Audubon: The Birds of America (1986) is available for free surveillance and download at the Cyberspace Archive.
  • Popular Science Monthly/Volume 31/September 1887/Sketch of J.

    J. Audubon

  • Guide appoint resources regarding Audubon's Birds replicate America at Field Museum Library