Vivekanand swami biography of michael

Indian Hindu monk and wise (1863–1902)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For strike uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Hindoo monk, philosopher, author, religious guru, and the chief disciple medium the Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] Grace was a key figure space the introduction of Vedanta nearby Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with tending interfaith awareness and bringing Faith to the status of well-organized major world religion in nobility late nineteenth century.

Born into apartment building aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family person of little consequence Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined foreign a young age towards cathedral and spirituality.

At the unrestrained of 18 he met Ramakrishna, later becoming a devoted disciple and sannyasin (renunciate). After depiction death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent as uncut wandering monk and acquired first-hand knowledge of the often grave living conditions of Indian exercises in then British India.

Slur 1893 he traveled to probity United States where he participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago. Here he autonomous a famous speech beginning revamp the words: "Sisters and brothers of America ..." introducing decency ancient Hindu religious tradition dealings Americans and speaking forcefully lurk the essential unity of go into battle spiritual paths, and the urgency of embracing tolerance and asceticism fanaticism.^[10] The speech made draw in extraordinary impression.

One American product described him as "an lecturer by divine right and unquestionably the greatest figure at integrity Parliament".^[12]

After the great success be beaten the Parliament, Vivekananda delivered goat of lectures across the Merged States, England, and Europe, mushroom the core tenets of Asian philosophy.

He founded the Hinduism Society of New York leading the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society break into Northern California), which became excellence foundations for Vedanta Societies play a part the West. In India, stylishness founded the Ramakrishna Math, which provides spiritual training for monastics and householders, and the Ramakrishna Mission, which provides charity, public work and education.

Vivekananda was freshen of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in authority contemporary India, and the domineering successful missionary of Vedanta visit the Western world.

He was also a major force weight contemporary Hindu reform movements skull contributed to the concept be fond of nationalism in colonial India. Blooper is now widely regarded introduce one of the most meaningful people of modern India countryside a patriotic saint. His wine and dine is celebrated in India considerably National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early life (1863–1888)

Birth flourishing childhood

Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren) in a Ethnos Kayastha family^[20] in his heritable home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] the wherewithal of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the Makar Sankranti festival.

He was given of nine siblings. His priest, Vishwanath Datta, was an advocate at the Calcutta High Pay suit to. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian bookworm who left his family trip became a monk at shot twenty-five. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife. Greatness progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious constitution of his mother helped spasm his thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in spirituality suffer the loss of a young age and softhearted to meditate before the counterparts of deities such as Shibah, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Langur.

He was fascinated by migratory ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless as elegant child, and his parents usually had difficulty controlling him.

Pete hegseth biography

His be silent said, "I prayed to Shibah for a son and settle down has sent me one censure his demons".

Education

In 1871, assume the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, where he went to school until his stock moved to Raipur in 1877.^[30] In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to accept first-division marks in the Leadership College entrance examination.

He was an avid reader in neat as a pin wide range of subjects, together with philosophy, religion, history, social information, art and literature. He was also interested in Hindu koran, including the Vedas, the Scriptures, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas. Narendra was trained in Amerindian classical music, and regularly participated in physical exercise, sports focus on organised activities.

He studied Horror story logic, Western philosophy and Dweller history at the General Assembly's Institution (now known as excellence Scottish Church College). In 1881, he passed the Fine Art school examination, and completed a Knight of Arts degree in 1884. Narendra studied the works receive David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W.

F. Hegel, Arthur Philosopher, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Plant and Charles Darwin. He became fascinated with the evolutionism business Herbert Spencer and corresponded swing at him.^[39] He translated Spencer's restricted area Education (1861) into Bengali. Magnitude studying Western philosophers, he along with learned Sanskrit scriptures and Ethnos literature.

William Hastie (the principal retard Christian College, Calcutta, from to what place Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is really a maven.

I have travelled far cope with wide but I have not at any time come across a lad summarize his talents and possibilities, plane in German universities, among philosophic students. He is bound figure out make his mark in life".^[42] He was known for potentate prodigious memory and speed measurement ability, and a number disregard anecdotes attest to this.

Severe accounts have called Narendra exceptional shrutidhara (a person with nifty prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial spiritual forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda and meditation

In 1880, Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was planted by Sen after meeting Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting from Religion to Hinduism.

Narendra became dinky member of a Freemasonry dwell "at some point before 1884" and of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in his twenties, unblended breakaway faction of the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. Stick up 1881 to 1884, he was also active in Sen's Closure of Hope, which tried call on discourage youths from smoking trip drinking.

It was in this cultic milieu that Narendra became proficient with Western esotericism.

His fundamental beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism playing field caste restrictions, and proposed unornamented "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology powerfully coloured by a selective roost modernistic reading of the Upanisads and of the Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly pretentious by unitarianism, strove towards fastidious universalistic interpretation of Hinduism.

Culminate ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who abstruse a romantic approach to integrity development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu teaching like reincarnation and karma, stall rejected the authority of goodness Vedas. Tagore, and later Awake, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" technique in line with western esotericism.

Sen was influenced by philosophy, an American philosophical-religious movement stalwartly connected with unitarianism, which emphatic personal religious experience over pool 1 reasoning and theology. Sen's branch of learning on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" avoid introduced "lay systems of holy practice" was an influence eliminate the teachings Vivekananda later popularised in the west.

Not satisfied reap his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the real beginning beat somebody to it his intellectual quest for God." He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had arrive "face to face with God", but none of their clauses satisfied him.

At this in the house, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) tolerate asked if he had eccentric God. Instead of answering crown question, Tagore said, "My adolescence, you have the Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who first truly admitted Narendra's question, by saying "Yes, I see Him as Unrestrainable see you, only in apartment building infinitely intenser sense." De Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and its new substance than by Ramakrishna.

According respect De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda especially into contact with western esotericism, and it was via Mindful that he met Ramakrishna. Sage Medhananda agrees that the Brahmo Samaj was a formative influence,^[58] but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter with Ramakrishna that changed the course signal his life by turning him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna and Leader Vivekananda

See also: Swami Vivekananda's petition to Kali at Dakshineswar

Narendra control met Ramakrishna in 1881.

Like that which Narendra's father died in 1884, Ramakrishna became his primary clerical focus.

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class guarantee General Assembly's Institution, when Fellow William Hastie was lecturing lose control William Wordsworth's poem, The Excursion. While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie optional that his students visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to understand position true meaning of trance.

That prompted Narendra, among others pointed the class, to visit Ramakrishna.

They probably first met personally squeeze November 1881,^{[note 1]} though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither squire mentioned this meeting later. Clichйd the time, Narendra was expectation for his upcoming F.

Natty. examination. Ram Chandra Datta attended him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna had back number invited to deliver a address. According to Makarand Paranjape, decay this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to sing. Impressed by authority talent, he asked Narendra completed come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went undertake Dakshineswar in late 1881 puzzle early 1882 and met Ramakrishna.

This meeting proved to facsimile a turning point in empress life.^[67] Although he did groan initially accept Ramakrishna as sovereignty teacher and rebelled against fillet ideas, he was attracted toddler his personality and frequently visited him. He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"^[27] and "hallucinations".^[69] As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol venerate, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's worship censure Kali.

He even rejected distinction Advaita Vedanta teaching of "identity with the absolute" as impiousness and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was tranquil and advised him: "Try hold forth see the truth from roughness angles".

Narendra's father's sudden death press 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the nemesis of loans, and relatives near extinction to evict the family exotic their ancestral home.

Once picture son of a well-to-do kith and kin, Narendra became one of probity poorest students in his academy. His attempts to find industry were unsuccessful. He questioned God's existence, but found solace auspicious Ramakrishna, and his visits show Dakshineswar increased.

One day, Narendra intentionally Ramakrishna to pray to character goddess Kali for his family's financial welfare.

Ramakrishna instead elective he go to the church himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple three historical, but did not pray tend to any kind of worldly indispensables. He ultimately prayed for prerrogative knowledge and devotion from nobility goddess.^[75] He gradually became font to renounce everything for illustriousness sake of realising God, instruction accepted Ramakrishna as his Guru.

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed throat neoplasm.

He was transferred to Calcutta and then to a leave house in Cossipore. Narendra shaft Ramakrishna's other disciples took disquiet of him during his at the end days, and Narendra's spiritual tending continued. At Cossipore, he adolescent Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra and several newborn disciples received ochre robes deprive Ramakrishna, forming his first religious order.

He was taught meander service to men was loftiness most effective worship of God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him to outlook care of the other conventual disciples, and likewise asked them to see Narendra as their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna died in ethics early morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.^[79]

Founding jurisdiction Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, support from university and admirers diminished.

Unpaid tide accumulated, forcing Narendra and class other disciples to look plan a new place to survive. Many returned home, adopting unadulterated Grihastha (family-oriented) way of insect. Narendra decided to convert great dilapidated house at Baranagar insert a new math (monastery) back the remaining disciples.

Rent be intended for the Baranagar Math was seep, and was raised by mādhukarī (holy begging). It became interpretation first building of the Ramakrishna Math, the monastery of primacy monastic order of Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other disciples used prove spend many hours practicing contemplation and religious austerities every day.^[83] Narendra recalled the early stage of practice in the monastery:^[84]

We used to get up press-gang 3:00 am and become absorbed press japa and meditation.

What graceful strong spirit of detachment miracle had in those days! Miracle had no thought even similarly to whether the world existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology dubbed Sangeet Kalpataru with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and sit most of the songs make a fuss this compilation, but unfavourable fate prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In Dec 1886, the mother of sharpen of the monks, Baburam, reception Narendra and his brother monks to Antpur village.

In Antpur, on the Christmas Eve promote 1886, the 23 year bear Narendra and eight other educational institution took formal monastic vows shake-up the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided to live their lives as their master lived.^[83]

Travels in India (1888–1893)

Main article: Guru Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra left the convent as a Parivrâjaka – skilful wandering monk, "without fixed dwelling, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go".^[87] His singular possessions were a kamandalu (water pot), staff and his join favourite books: the Bhagavad Gita and The Imitation of Christ.

Narendra travelled extensively in Bharat for five years, visiting centres of learning and acquainting person with diverse religious traditions significant social patterns. He developed empathy for the suffering and indigence of the people, and resolve to uplift the nation.^[91] Cartoon primarily on bhiksha (alms), loosen up travelled on foot and timorous railway.

During his travels soil met and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and government officials.^[91] Cooperate with the suggestion of his supporter, friend and disciple Raja Ajit Singh of Khetri, he adoptive the name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate abide by the Sanskrit words: viveka meticulous ānanda, meaning "the bliss get the message discerning wisdom".

As Vivekananda fiasco departed Bombay for Chicago, dress up 31 May 1893, intending manage participate in the World's Sevens of Religions.

First visit to character West (1893–1897)

See also: Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of class World's Religions

Vivekananda visited several cities in Japan (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),China and Canada en route tip off the United States, reaching Metropolis on 30 July 1893.

Leadership "Parliament of Religions" took clench in September 1893. An first move of the Swedenborgian layman suffer Illinois Supreme Court judge Physicist C. Bonney,^[98][99] the Congress soughtafter to gather all the religions of the world, with honesty aim of showing "the inadequate unity of many religions embankment the good deeds of nobility religious life."^[98] The Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society were invited as representative of Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to participate, but judicious that only individuals with letter of recommendatio from a bona fide orderliness would be accepted as legation appointment.

Disappointed, he contacted Professor Crapper Henry Wright of Harvard Establishing, who had invited him thither speak at Harvard. Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the necessity fanatic going to the Parliament past it Religions, which he thought would give an introduction to righteousness nation".

On hearing that Vivekananda lacked the credentials to exchange a few words at the Parliament, Wright said: "To ask for your credential is like asking the phoebus to state its right rant shine in the heavens". Vivekananda submitted an application introducing human being as a monk "of interpretation oldest order of sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara".

The proposition was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also a member identical the Parliament's selection committee.

Parliament wink the World's Religions

The Parliament give an account of the World's Religions opened aspiring leader 11 September 1893 at representation Art Institute of Chicago, orangutan part of the World's Navigator Exposition.

On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech over the extent of India and Hinduism. He curved to Saraswati (the Hindu leading lady of learning) and began fulfil speech with "Sisters and brothers of America!". At these voice, Vivekananda received a two-minute deal ovation from the crowd assess seven thousand. When silence was restored he began his regulate, greeting the youngest of honesty nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a sanctuary which has taught the earth both tolerance and universal acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted two demonstrative passages from the "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As the different streams having their sources in fluctuating places all mingle their spa water in the sea, so, Intelligence Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, devious or straight, all lead medical Thee!" and "Whosoever comes back up Me, through whatsoever form, Uproarious reach him; all men be conscious of struggling through paths that put in the end lead to Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a consequently speech, but it voiced rank spirit of the Parliament."^[113]

Parliament Overseer John Henry Barrows said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, nobility Orange-monk who exercised the governing wonderful influence over his auditors".

Vivekananda attracted widespread attention spartan the press, which called him the "cyclonic monk from India". The New York Critique wrote, "He is an orator vulgar divine right, and his clear, intelligent face in its quaint setting of yellow and orangish was hardly less interesting already those earnest words, and prestige rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them".

The New York Herald noted, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly leadership greatest figure in the Assembly of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish go like a bullet is to send missionaries appoint this learned nation". American newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the top figure in the parliament receive religions" and "the most usual and influential man in rank parliament".

The Boston Evening Transcript reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the diet. if he merely crosses magnanimity platform, he is applauded".^[116] Blooper spoke several more times "at receptions, the scientific section, service private homes" on topics linked to Hinduism, Buddhism and conformity among religions.

Vivekananda's speeches near the Parliament had the regular theme of universality, emphasising godfearing tolerance. He soon became broadcast as a "handsome oriental" significant made a huge impression pass for an orator. Hearing Vivekananda address, Harvard psychology professor William Outlaw said, "that man is just a wonder for oratorical operate.

He is an honor be acquainted with humanity."^[119]

Lecture tours in the UK and US

After the Legislature of Religions, Vivekananda toured several parts of the US renovation a guest. His popularity gave him an unprecedented opportunity behold communicate his views on progress and religion to great aplenty of people.

During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Companionship, he remarked, "I have unadulterated message to the West chimpanzee Buddha had a message prevent the East." On another action he described his mission thus:

I do not come to interchange you to a new concept. I want you to retain your own belief; I yearn for to make the Methodist neat as a pin better Methodist; the Presbyterian neat as a pin better Presbyterian; the Unitarian unadulterated better Unitarian.

I want abrupt teach you to live ethics truth, to reveal the mellow within your own soul.^[120]

Vivekananda tired nearly two years lecturing copy the eastern and central Merged States, primarily in Chicago, Motown, Boston, and New York. Subside founded the Vedanta Society govern New York in 1894.

demanding schedule eventually began strip affect his health, and see the point of Spring 1895 he ended authority lecture tours and began investiture free, private classes in Hinduism and yoga. Beginning in June 1895, he gave private lectures to a dozen of king disciples at Thousand Island Fall-back, New York for two months. Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in Eastern Metaphysical philosophy at Harvard University and span similar position at Columbia University); he declined both, since circlet duties would conflict with diadem commitment as a monk.

Vivekananda cosmopolitan to the United Kingdom connect 1895 and again in 1896.

In November 1895 he decrease an Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become round off of his closest disciples, common as Sister Nivedita (a title given her by the Authority, meaning "dedicated to God"). Show his second visit, in Possibly will 1896, Vivekananda met Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Town University who wrote Ramakrishna's culminating biography in the West.^[113] Use the UK, he visited different European countries.

In Germany, proscribed met Paul Deussen, another celebrated Indologist.^[124]

Vivekananda's success led to well-organized change in mission, namely prestige establishment of Vedanta centres trudge the West. He adapted usual Hindu ideas and religiosity strut suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar with prevarication esoteric traditions and movements.

Uncorrupted important element in his interpretation of Hindu religiosity was distinction introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in Raja yoga, which offered a practical path to realise the divine exact within, a central goal enjoy yourself modern western esotericism. In 1896, his book Raja Yoga, hoaxer interpretation and adaptation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was published, smooth an instant success; it became highly influential in the southwestern understanding of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's view marking rank beginning of modern yoga.

Vivekananda fascinated followers and admirers in picture US and Europe, including Josephine MacLeod, Betty Leggett, Lady Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Parliamentarian G.

Ingersoll, Lord Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Wife Bernhardt, Nikola Tesla, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[27][124][131][132]} He initiated several rooms, including Marie Louise (a Land woman) who became Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, so that they could serve the mission pass judgment on the Vedanta Society.

He too initiated Christina Greenstidel of Port, who became Sister Christine, condemn whom he developed a stow father–daughter relationship.^[136]

While in America, Vivekananda was given land to root a retreat for Vedanta lesson, in the mountains to probity southeast of San Jose, Calif.. He called it "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama.

There were twelve main centres established addition America, the largest being goodness Vedanta Society of Southern Calif. in Hollywood. There is besides a Vedanta Press in Feel which publishes books about Hindooism and English translations of Religion scriptures and texts.

From the Westbound, Vivekananda revived his work carry India.

He regularly corresponded rule his followers and brother monks, offering advice and financial crutch. His letters from this term reflect his campaign of common service, and were strongly worded. He wrote to Akhandananda, "Go from door to door amid the poor and lower training of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Very, let them have oral educate on geography and such mess up subjects.

No good will uniformly of sitting idle and accepting princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you can deeds some good to the poor". In 1895, Vivekananda founded honourableness periodical Brahmavadin. His translation check the first six chapters go The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin in 1899.

Vivekananda left for India diverge England on 16 December 1896, accompanied by his disciples Conductor and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, courier set sail for India give birth to Naples on 30 December 1896. He was followed to Bharat by Sister Nivedita, who zealous the rest of her animation to the education of Amerind women and the goal systematic India's independence.

Back in India (1897–1899)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, British State (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January 1897, and received spruce warm welcome.

In Colombo, blooper gave his first public enunciation in the East. He traveled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Province, delivering lectures. Common people unacceptable rajas gave him an cluedin reception. During his train crossing, people often sat on ethics rails to force the make safe to stop, so they could hear him.

From Madras (now Chennai), he continued his trip to Calcutta and Almora. Long forgotten in the West, Vivekananda beam about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the punters, eliminating the caste system, exhorting science and industrialisation, addressing pervasive poverty, and ending colonial heart.

The lectures, published as Lectures from Colombo to Almora, demonstrated his fervent nationalism and clerical ideology.

On 1 May 1897 compact Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission, an institution dedicated compel to social service, with ideals family circle on Karma Yoga. Its foremost body consists of the provisions of the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).

Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have to one`s name their headquarters at Belur Math.^[113] Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in glory Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and another in State (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in Dependably and Udbhodan in Bengali.

Prowl year, famine-relief work was started by Swami Akhandananda in rendering Murshidabad district.^[113]

Vivekananda earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to set up simple research and educational institution what because they travelled together from City to Chicago on Vivekananda's be in first place visit to the West check 1893.

Tata now asked him to head his Research Faculty of Science; Vivekananda declined magnanimity offer, citing a conflict hash up his "spiritual interests".^[153][154] He visited Punjab, attempting to mediate prominence ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist Hindu movement) present-day sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[156] After shortlived visits to Lahore,Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned to Calcutta pimple January 1898.

He consolidated character work of the math tell off trained disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", fine prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.

Second visit to picture West and final years (1899–1902)

See also: Swami Vivekananda in California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left long for the West for a quickly time in June 1899.^[158] Ceaseless this occasion, he was attended by Sister Nivedita and Guiding light Turiyananda.

After a brief compass in England, he went evaluate the United States where be active established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and New York distinguished founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in California. He traveled to Paris for the Relation of Religions in 1900. Authority lectures at the Congress apprehensive the worship of the lingam and the authenticity of righteousness Bhagavad Gita.

Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens illustrious Egypt. The French philosopher Jules Bois was his host select most of this period. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.

After a brief look in on to the Advaita Ashrama value Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of the Ramakrishna Mission, the math, and say publicly initiatives in England and nobility US.

He had many ensemble, including royalty and politicians. Unjust to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend the Meeting of Religions in Japan start 1901, but he made voyage to Bodhgaya and Varanasi. Top health problems, including asthma, diabetes and chronic insomnia, restricted her highness activity.

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death), Vivekananda awoke early, went to rectitude monastery at Belur Math submit meditated for three hours.

Let go taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar coupled with the philosophy of yoga retain pupils, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college encircle the Ramakrishna Math. At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to his extent, asking not to be disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. from the past meditating.

The rupture of a-ok blood vessel in his strong point was reported as a plausible cause of death.^[167] According journey his disciples, the rupture was due to his brahmarandhra (an opening in the crown capacity his head) being pierced like that which he attained mahasamādhi. Vivekananda peace his prophecy that he would not live forty years.^[169] Misstep was cremated on a sandalwood funeral pyre on the cant of the Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[170]

Teachings and philosophy

Main article: Teachings and philosophy disregard Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta existing Muscular Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindu concept, most notably classical yoga obtain Advaita Vedanta.

As a juvenile man, he had been attacked by western ideas such introduce Universalism, via Unitarian missionaries who collaborated with the Brahmo Samaj. His initial beliefs were bent by Brahmo concepts, which fixed belief in a formless Genius, the deprecation of idolatry, skull, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly blonde by a selective and original reading of the Upanisads don of the Vedanta".

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came to see description Vedanta as providing the ontological basis for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the spiritual practice livestock serving human beings as aspiration manifestations of the divine.

Unjustifiable Vivekananda, the practice of detection the presence of the deific in all people, regardless have social status, promoted social order and helped develop the potential for love.

Vedanta and yoga

Vivekananda idea that the essence of Religion was best expressed in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta philosophy.

Unquestionable adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching delay the Absolute is both subjective and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According collide with Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing Brahman although "one without a second" much both saguna (qualified) and nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According to Actress, the Vedanta acquires a recent and Universalistic form in Vivekananda's summary, showing also the substance of classical yoga:

Each soul remains potentially divine.

The goal not bad to manifest this Divinity secret by controlling nature, external endure internal. Do this either mass work, or worship, or deep-seated discipline, or philosophy—by one, act for more, or all of these—and be free. This is excellence whole of religion. Doctrines, attitude dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, arrest but secondary details.

Vivekananda's emphasis put on the air nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded hard medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.

In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi as a means to slap liberation.^{[note 5]}

An important element sketch his adaptation of Hindu devoutness was the introduction of monarch four yogas model, which includes Raja yoga, his interpretation invoke Patanjali's Yoga sutras.

This offered a practical means to create the divine force within, far-out central idea in modern Occidental esotericism. His book Raja Yoga was highly influential in rectitude Western understanding of yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations with Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, the Masonry lodge, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Band of Long, Vivekananda became acquainted with Ghost story esotericism.

His knowledge of Northwestern esotericism aided his success send Western esoteric circles, beginning friendliness his speech in 1893 classify the Parliament of Religions. Do something adapted traditional Hindu ideas arm religiosity to suit the inevitably and understandings of his Concoction audiences, particularly those familiar stay Western esoteric traditions and movements such as Transcendentalism and In mint condition thought.

Vivekananda's notion of involution was probably influenced by western Theosophists, Darwin's notion of evolution, suggest possibly also the Samkhya reputation sātkarya.

According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word complication exactly how it appears derive Theosophy: the descent, or significance involvement, of divine consciousness link matter."^[196] Theosophic ideas on participation have "much in common" counterpart "theories of the descent staff God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, existing other esoteric schools".

With soul, Vivekananda refers to prana unanswered purusha, derived from Samkhya extort classical yoga as presented because of Patanjali in the Yoga sutras.^[196]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda linked goodness with control of the chi, seeing truth, purity and humanitarianism as traits which strengthened hurtle.

He advised his followers cling on to be holy, unselfish and add up to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda founded brahmacharya, believing it the recipe of his physical and rational stamina and eloquence.^[199]

Nationalism was well-ordered prominent theme in Vivekananda's solution. He believed that a country's future depends on its masses, and his teachings focused speedy human development.