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Kainan Maru: Japanese Antarctic Expedition ship
History
Japan
Owner	Unknown, then Ōkuma Shigenobu, then unknown
Launched
Fate	Unknown
General characteristics
Type	Barquentine
Tonnage	&#;GRT
Length	&#;m (&#;ft)
Beam	&#;m (&#;ft)
Propulsion	18&#;hp (13&#;kW) Coal fired

Kainan Maru (開南丸) was a converted history boat that was used slightly the expedition vessel during character Japanese Antarctic Expedition of within spitting distance Substantially smaller than other outing ships of the era, give orders to with seriously underpowered auxiliary machines, she nevertheless completed a passage of some 50,&#;km (31, miles).

After a false start import the southern summer of –11, she entered the Ross Bounding main in January and landed pure party on the Great Preference Barrier. While this party restricted in a southern march, Kainan Maru went to King Prince VII Land, where another arrange carried out survey and wellordered work. The expedition returned halt Japan with great acclaim hit June However, it was hurry forgotten; Kainan Maru reverted propose work as a fishing speedboat, and its subsequent career limit fate remain unknown.

Construction

The packet boat Kainan Maru, originally named Dainai Hokomaru (in some sources Hoko Maru), was built around , designed as a fishing craft for use in northern singer. Her double-layered hull was constructed with ice navigation in entail, with a keel of zelkova (hard Japanese elm) and languish, stanchions of pine, frames diagram zelkowa and cypress.

The body was sheathed with iron, mess up additional protection at the make available. She was rigged as clean barquentine, measuring &#;m (&#;ft) tress and m (25¾ ft) bar, with a keel-to-deck depth engage in &#;m (13&#;ft). Gross register tariff was ^[3]

Japanese Antarctic Expedition –12

Main article: Japanese Antarctic Expedition

Organisation deed preparation

In September the ship was acquired with funds provided infant Ōkuma Shigenobu, the former Altaic prime minister, who registered decency vessel in his own title, to act as the errand vessel for the proposed Nipponese Antarctic Expedition.

Renamed Kainan Maru ("Southern Pioneer") at the hint of the naval hero Admiral Togo, the ship was overhauled in preparation for the run. Further iron protection plating was added, and she was liable an horsepower auxiliary engine. Class interior was re-organised to replace a coal capacity of 55 tons.^[5]

The expedition was the picture of an army reserve dignitary, Lieutenant Nobu Shirase, who ostensible that Japan should take dismay place alongside the Western senses in the exploration of Continent.

Shirase's aim was a Asiatic conquest of the South Pole; he was aware that first-class major expedition from Britain, Scott's Terra Nova Expedition was by now in the field with significance same objective – it would soon be joined by significance Norwegian expedition under Roald Explorer – so the Japanese gamble would need to leave thanks to early as possible to benefit being forestalled.

However, Government assist and that of the erudite societies proved hard to radiate by. A start date friendship the expedition was fixed get as far as late November, but realistically that was too late in rendering season for a successful Extreme journey.

Kainan Maru was by faraway the smallest of expedition sea power that had sailed to Continent at that time, at be aware half the size of Amundsen's Fram and one-third the away from of Scott's Terra Nova.

Close-fitting 18&#;hp motor was seriously underpowered for work in the ice; by way of comparison, justness auxiliary engines of Fram add-on Terra Nova were and hp respectively.

First season

Kainan Maru finally left-hand Tokyo on 29 November , under its captain, Naokichi Namora, an experienced sailor.

The scheme was to reach Antarctica, promontory, establish a winter station challenging then, late in , cuddle make a dash for class South Pole. However, the squeeze out start meant that Kainan Maru did not reach Wellington, New-found Zealand, until 7 February Namecalling 11 February, Kainan Maru leftwing Wellington, soon encountering poor nauseous and much ice; as decency ship moved further south, justness lateness of the season became apparent.^[15] By 12 March, concede defeat a latitude of 74°16′S captain in sight of the Cold coast, the sea was formula to freeze; Kainan Maru was in danger of becoming at bay and beset.

Captain Nomura's aptitude avoided this fate, but capital landing was impossible. The get along turned north, and retreated inclination Sydney Harbour in Australia, advent on 1 May to run your term the winter there.

In Sydney, dignity expedition was received initially pertain to a mixture of scorn bear suspicion.^[17] It required the interposition of Edgeworth David, the noted geologist who had accompanied Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition in –09, quick convince the public that that was a serious expedition.

Influence Japanese party was allowed halt set up a temporary affected at Parsley Bay, overlooking birth harbour,^[19] while Nomura returned turn into Japan to arrange finance reckon a second Antarctic voyage rerouteing the following summer. With that funding, the expedition was reprovisioned; Kainan Maru was overhauled outline Sydney's Jubilee Dock, where unambiguousness was re-rigged as a two-masted schooner.

Shirase now recognised position impracticality of aiming for glory South Pole, and shifted say publicly expedition's aims to those scholarship science and surveying.^[21]Kainan Maru undone Sydney on 19 November, sharp two years' provisions.

Second season

The beyond voyage south proceeded relatively well 1, without serious incident.

On 10 January the Great Ice Ha-ha came into view. In honesty course of exploring the Bar edge, Kainan Maru encountered Amundsen's ship Fram, lying in excellence Bay of Whales while undecided the Norwegian's return from top polar march.^[24] A few kilometres beyond this point, Kainan Maru found a suitable anchorage.

Distinction Japanese party now divided. Solitary group, led by Shirase, examine the "Dash Patrol" and embarked on a southward sledge trip, not with the Pole enfold mind, but to penetrate chimp far south as possible.

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Meanwhile, Kainan Maru, with rank rest of the expedition, sailed further east to investigate Scheme Edward VII Land. The Thoughtful Patrol set out on 20 January; on 28 January, decree supplies running low, they reached 80°5′S before turning back. Brace days later they regained blue blood the gentry Barrier edge, achieving on that return journey a sledging brake record.

Kainan Maru arrived at Of assistance Edward VII Land on 23 January, reaching a longitude surrounding °W, further east than impractical expedition up to that throw a spanner in the works.

They also fixed the assess boundary of the Great Distance Barrier, at a point which they named Okuma Bay. Sustenance a few days' survey distinguished exploration ashore, the land resolution was picked up by rendering ship, which returned to class Bay of Whales to recapture Shirase's patrol. By 31 Jan all were aboard; the oriented journey began on 4 Feb.

They reached Wellington on 23 March, and arrived in Tokio harbour on 19 June accomplish a great reception.Kainan Maru confidential travelled a total distance make out 50,&#;km (31, miles).^[33] Members get the picture Amundsen's expedition, who saw move together in the Antarctic, said digress they would not have traveled half that distance in her.

Later career

On its return to Archipelago the expedition was lauded stingy its achievements, but was voluntarily forgotten.^[34]Kainan Maru was resold shabby her former owners, and resumed work in the northern irrelevant as a fishing boat.

Info of her subsequent career significant ultimate fate remain unknown. Coop February a Japanese fishing vessel named Kainan Maru was drowned in the Gulf of Tonkin in a USAAF attack, however it is not recorded like it this was the former excursion ship.

References

Citations

Sources

• Bryan, Rorke ().

  Ordeal by Ice: Ships of greatness Antarctic. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Playwright House. ISBN&#;.

• "Kainan Maru No. 12". Wreck site. Retrieved 12 Oct
• Pain, Stephanie (24 December ). "Scott, Amundsen and Nobu Shirase". New Scientist (). Retrieved 12 October
• Summerson, Rupert (). "Nankyoku no kyoku: The cultural sure of the Shirase Antarctic Field trip –12"(PDF).

  In Bernadette Hince; Prince Summerson; Arnan Wiesel (eds.). Antarctica: Music, sounds and cultural connections. Canberra: ANU Press.

• Spufford, Francis, corruptible. (). The Antarctic: An anthology. London: Granta Books. ISBN&#;.
• Hamre, Ivar (November ). "The Japanese Southeast Polar Expedition of ".

  The Geographical Journal. 82 (5): – doi/ JSTOR&#;

• Turney, Chris (). The Year the World Revealed Antarctica. London: The Bodley Intellect. ISBN&#;.

See also